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M. Scheutz, Computationalism, 2002)p wd3fZNp wd3fZ)p wd3fZ 68 4N   6  8   4 N     Early Vision&   People  track during every conscious moment & alignment processes, in which the alignment error serves as datum for its own annihilation, are forever being carried out in the familiar operations of living & The needs and nature of the interpretive and computing equipment cannot finally be separated from those of tracking controls. George Philbrick, 1945 p ZPx Zx Zx Zx Zx Zx ZOp  O       ,Semantic Relations (I)  .Semantic Relations (II)   "Machine Computing Machine metaphor and engineering paradigm Focus of conventional computing has been on program and process  on maps a and b Essence of computing seen in the algorithmic or the automatic  so beginning with the specification of a process (behaviour) Whole computation automated, versus some computation is automated (cf railways, cars) *p wd3fZp skgeZRp wd3fZp wd3fZ}p wd3fZVp wd3fZp wd3fZp wd3fZp ZvZ*J}.*  J     }    .     More Vision & .  $What is Computing?  Can also use computers to explore and identify new patterns of interaction, construals, & interpretations Such activity is prior to programming Motivates model development on basis of the meanings derived from comparison of experiences of the artefact and world Modeller/user mediates the correlation of artefact and referent: through experiment, they establish meanings and sense-making jp wd3fZ&p wd3fZxp wd3fZ~p wd3fZp wd3fZjx~bj    x ~   JUser As Semantic, Computational Agent&&&  Continuous, connected interaction (contrast with alternation): integration of human and artificial User interaction as a constituent of computation Interaction informed by meanings, expectation, knowledge and context Interaction may give rise to new knowledge` c` wd3f1` wd3fE` wd3f+` wd3f1 '1E+b 1   ' 1 E +  Human Computing Not something humans alone can do, nor is it computing for human affairs, nor  soft computing, nor HCI, nor human-centred computing Computing that only proceeds with the essential and continuous engagement of human cognitive processes -  symbiosis of the human and electronic Most computing has not been of this kind, some of it already is, and much of it will be in the future hp wd3fZp wd3fZp wd3fZp wd3fZfp wd3fZp wd3fZp wd3fZp skgeZp wd3fZf~    f     &Research Programme   Human computing and Empirical Modelling Human computing and other disciplines Modelling and software system development Object-orientation and methodology Evolution of requirements and software` (` wd3f&` wd3f*` wd3f#` wd3f'` wd3f(&*#'T ( & * # ' &Empirical Modelling Bibliography    /    ! 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The hope is that, in not too many years, human brains and computing machines will be coupled together very tightly, and that the resulting partnership will think as no human brain has ever thought & . JCR Licklider Man-Computer Symbiosis 1960ppdL*pd$3f$3f3f3f3fF     6 @ @ @<  c $ ? ̙33ZR___PPT102.]0G+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < ++  , P@(     ZD4z`` ?k`P   J6 @ @ @  T4z_ж_ж ? Computers were (really) clunky! Many experts expected full automation of thinking activity & 'soon' In spite of technology, what progress have we made towards L's vision? 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The main aims are 1) to let computers facilitate formulative thinking & and 2) to enable men and computers to cooperate in making decisions and controlling complex situations without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs. JCR Licklider Man-Computer Symbiosis. 1960 dd+ddd$3f$3f$3f3f3f3f3f3fp        6 @ @ @< 4 c $ ? ̙33ZR___PPT102.]0G+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < ++   , 8(  8 8 T>z`` ?7 8 d 6 @ @ @X 8 0 ?M 8  Z$?z`` ?k`P   J6 @ @ @ 8  Z?z`` ?j)  J6  >~> ~ >< 8 c $ ? ̙33ZR___PPT102.]0G+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < ++   , <(  < < T?z`` ?7 4 d 6 @ @ @X < 0 ?M <  ZD@z`` ?ke`k   J6 @ @ @ <  Z@z`` ?js  J6  ??  ?< < c $ ? ̙33ZR___PPT102.]0G+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < ++   , @(  @ @ TAz`` ?7 9 d 6 @ @ @X @ 0 ?M @  ZdAz`` ?k`P   J6 @ @ @ @  ZAz`` ?jp@  J6  >~> ~ >< @ c $ ? ̙33ZR___PPT102.]0G+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < ++  , D(  D D T$Bz`` ?7 10 d 6 @ @ @X D 0 ?M D  ZBz`` ?k`P   J6 @ @ @ D  ZBz`` ?js  J6  ??  ?< D c $ ? ̙33ZR___PPT102.]0G+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < ++   ,   Hv (  H H TDCz`` ?7 11 d 6 @ @ @X H 0 ?M H  ZCz`` ?k`P   J6 @ @ @ H TDz`` ?sP > EM as a framework for the movement between the unreliable and the reliable: state behaviour experience abstraction modelling programming experiment construction environment system (Mxdx" d3fdx" d3fdx" d3fdx" d3fdx" d3fdxwd3fd 3fL 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f  3f 3f  3f 3f 3f 3f  3f 3f  3f 3f 3f 3f 3f  3f 3f  3f 3f 3f 3f  3f 3f 3f  3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f L                                             :  ??  ?| H TGF?H̙33f3f̙81?   | H@ TGH?H3f̙81?1   < H c $ ? ̙33ZR___PPT102.]0G+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < ++   , 0L(  L L TdDz`` ?7 11 d 6 @ @ @X L 0 ?M L  ZDz`` ?k`P   J6 @ @ @ L T$Ez`` ?@ @Papers distributed in lecture + Philip Agre, Computation and Human Experience, CUP, 1997 David Mindell, Between Human and Machine, John Hopkins University Press, 2002 Willard McCarty, Humanities Computing, Palgrave, 2005 Bo Dahlbom, Lars Mathiassen, Computers in Context, Blackwell, 19952!pd9pdNpd6pdCpd! 3f  3f  3f  3f 3f 3f& 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f 3f!         &       6 X  XX< L c $ ? ̙33ZR___PPT102.]0G+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < ++ = @P>(  PX P 0 ?   P TEz`` ?`  1d  6 @ @ @X P 0 ?`PX P 0 ?P @ P C ?   P 0 ? @   H P 0޽h ? ̙33 = tlPT(  T@ T C ?   T 0 ? @   H T 0޽h ? ̙33 = tl`X(  X@ X C ?   X 0 ? @   H X 0޽h ? ̙33 = p\>(  \X \ 0 ?   \ TEz`` ?`  2d  6 @ @ @X \ 0 ?`PX \ 0 ?P @ \ C ?   \ 0 ? @   H \ 0޽h ? ̙33 = `>(  `X ` 0 ?   ` TDFz`` ?`  3d  6 @ @ @X ` 0 ?`PX ` 0 ?P @ ` C ?   ` 0 ? @   H ` 0޽h ? ̙33 = tld(  d@ d C ?   d 0 ? @   H d 0޽h ? ̙33 = h>(  hX h 0 ?   h TFz`` ?`  9d  6 @ @ @X h 0 ?`PX h 0 ?P @ h C ?   h 0 ? @   H h 0޽h ? ̙33 = l>(  lX l 0 ?   l TGz`` ?`  5d  6 @ @ @X l 0 ?`PX l 0 ?P @ l C ?   l 0 ? @   H l 0޽h ? ̙33 = p>(  pX p 0 ?   p TdGz`` ?`  6d  6 @ @ @X p 0 ?`PX p 0 ?P @ p C ?   p 0 ? @   H p 0޽h ? ̙33  = t>(  tX t 0 ?   t TGz`` ?`  7d  6 @ @ @X t 0 ?`PX t 0 ?P @ t C ?   t 0 ? @   H t 0޽h ? ̙33  = tlx(  x@ x C ?   x 0 ? @   H x 0޽h ? ̙33  = |>(  |X | 0 ?   | T$Hz`` ?`  8d  6 @ @ @X | 0 ?`PX | 0 ?P @ | C ?   | 0 ? @   H | 0޽h ? ̙33  = >(  X  0 ?    THz`` ?`  4d  6 @ @ @X  0 ?`PX  0 ?P @  C ?    0 ? @   H  0޽h ? ̙33  = >(  X  0 ?    THz`` ?`  9d  6 @ @ @X  0 ?`PX  0 ?P @  C ?    0 ? @   H  0޽h ? ̙33 =  @(  X  0 ?    TDIz`` ?`  10d  6 @ @ @X  0 ?`PX  0 ?P @  C ?    0 ? @   H  0޽h ? ̙33 = 0@(  X  0 ?    TIz`` ?`  11d  6 @ @ @X  0 ?`PX  0 ?P @  C ?    0 ? @   H  0޽h ? ̙33 = @@(  X  0 ?    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