ࡱ>   !` Vbjbj\\ \>>LRRRRRRR$X"X"X"P",#l k2%:%L*&*&*& '"+' 7'9k;k;k;k;k;k;k$lhTof_kR6' '66_kRR*&*&tk>>>6 R*&R*&9k>69k>>6XRRZ*&% PFX"'<$wYM^ k0kY<oK=Bo8ZZoRe]?',j>q/-2?'?'?'_k_k>p?'?'?'k6666 X" X"v4"RRRRRR Writing Development in Higher Education Conference Open University, May 11th-12th 2006 Theme: Writing within and across disciplines Sheena Gardner, CELTE, 91Ӱƽ Systemic functional linguistics has shed light on the importance of unmarked topical theme in providing the angle on the field of a text (Martin 1993:224). Building on these and related insights (e.g. macro-theme), the paper explores the extent to which an analysis of initial sentence subjects in student assessed writing allows us to map differences across disciplines and across years of university study. Such a mapping allows us to see how knowledge is construed in different disciplines and years. Where do students write in terms of facts, issues, problems, theories, or research? Where do they write about individuals, groups, or nations? For instance, from our data, the angle on field is different if students write about the behaviour of people with schizophrenia, schizophrenia, definitions of schizophrenia or the pursuit of an acceptable definition of schizophrenia (PS55). Previous research on sentence subjects has shown distinctive characteristics of writing in English, History, Psychology (MacDonald 1994) and Sciences (Gosden 1993). Analysis of topical Themes has also shown differences between arts and science students in the same module or between physical and human geography texts (Hewings and North 2004). This paper attempts to integrate these and similar insights into a broader map to encompass a wider range of subject areas. The Research Project and BAWE: 'An investigation of genres of assessed writing in British Higher Education' is a Warwick-Oxford BrookesReading project (2004-7, ESRC RES-000-23-0800) that includes collection of 3,500 student assignments in the development of a corpus of British Academic Written English (BAWE)  HYPERLINK "http://www.warwick.ac.uk/go/BAWE" www.warwick.ac.uk/go/BAWE Disciplinary Differences and Theme Theme is used to signal what a message is about and the writers angle on that message, and to signpost the development of the text (Coffin & Hewings 2004:157) [topical, unmarked] Theme provides the texts angle on its field (Martin 1993:244) 3. Classifications of Sentence Subject by Susan Peck MacDonald (SPM) and Hugh Gosden (HG), produced with Systemic Coder (version 4.68, ODonnell 2005)  Gosden 1993:63 4. Applications to BAWE data File Namedisc/yr studentFirst Sentences and Sentence Subjects (Source: BAWE Pilot Corpus)BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES1BS01BS2BEEscherichia coli O157:H7 is a particularly high-profile bacterium in modern times, not least as a result of its ability to inflict considerable damage on large 2BS02BS2BEAs obligate intracellular parasites, viruses have no metabolic activity outside their host cells.3BS04BS2BEExamination of the subcellular distribution of molecules is an important tool in cell biology.4BS05BS2BEIn all eukaryotic cells there is a requirement for packing of genomic DNA such that it is accessible when required during replication, and able to fit into the nucleus.5BS08BS2BEThe obligately marine Synechococcus group of cyanobacteria play host to their own obligate occupant, the cyanophage.6BS09BS3The development of the vertebrate limb is a widely focussed area of research where recent breakthroughs have given us the leads we need to continue exploring into ..7BS10BS3The Caenorhabditis elegans organism exhibits typical rotational holoblastic cleavage.8BS03BS3BEHuman Adenovirus type 5 (Ad 5) and Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV1) are both members of Class I virus families as dictated by the presence in both of a ..ENGLISH9EN01EN1Prince Arthur is more commonly known in English folklore as King Arthur Pendragon, however Edmund Spenser modifies the figure slightly to use him in ..10EN08EN1Before answering this question, I will clarify two points. 11EN14EN1The Canterbury Tales is possibly the most realistic depiction of medieval life in English literature.12EN43EN1Ordinary people play an essential role in the thematic, structural and practical formulation of the Mystery Plays.13EN51EN1Against the background of the grandest and most highly revered literary masterpieces of Homer and Virgil, Edmund Spenser attempted to write the first English Epic.14EN16EN2In her 1974 essay An Open and Simple Eye, Barbara Lupini quotes a letter from the painter Vincent Van Gogh in which he stated I think a painter is happy, 15EN22EN2William Blake rarely writes in his own person and the voice he creates in works such as Songs of Innocence and Experience is interesting as its nature and function 16EN26 EN2Blakes Songs of Innocence and of Experience were written for children, and feature many children as the poems protagonists. 17EN38EN2In his poem In Memoriam, Tennyson uses memory in a variety of ways in his exploration of the personal grieving process. 18EN39EN2Does Maud have a moral? 19EN40EN3If the writing of Sylvia Plath seems violent and hysterical,.. As this quote suggests, Sylvia Plath's analysis of madness in The Bell Jar is inextricably linked ..20EN13EN3This essay is written with one viewpoint in mind, in order to elaborate upon the author's chosen reading.21EN28EN3In a 1932 study of D H Lawrence, Anas Nin declares that '[Lawrence's novels are] the first time that a man has so wholly and completely expressed woman accurately'.  HISTORY22HI92HI1The epithet of Order and Progress as emblazoned on the flag of the first Brazilian Republic represented the fundamental ideals of its founders.23HI52HI1HO"The Allies are pressing on you to break your will." In the wake of WWII, the priority was to rebuild Europe and attempt to stave off a post-war economic crisis.24HI53HI1HOThe Cold War grew out of a complicated interaction of international developments following the end of the Second World War, and the subsequent vacuum of power ..25HI54HI1HOFrom its formation in 1903, the Russian Bolshevik Party took just fourteen years to become the ruling party of the largest country in the world.26HI56HI1HOThe Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is described by MacFarquhar as, 'the most complex political event in the entire history of the Chinese Communist Party.'27HI40HI2HO'The ostensible object of the Spanish conquest in the New World was the propagation of the faith. This was the sole motive .' This papal bull gave the Spanish monarchy 28HI41HI2HOThe soit-disant "Age of Absolutism" is usually taken to run from the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, to the French Revolution in 1789.29HI42HI2HOThe Dutch Republic was something of an anomaly in seventeenth century Europe. At a time when most European monarchs were forging ...30HI44HI2HOUntil the last few decades, the accepted view amongst historians of Mexico was that the seventeenth century was indeed one of crisis and depression.31HI46HI2HO'The lights are going out all over Europe. They will not be lit again in our lifetime.' Sir Edward Grey was one of the few who foresaw the tragedy that awaited Europe ..32HI33HI3HOThe British emerged from the First World War determined to reclaim their pre-1914 position of paramountcy.33HI34HI3HOThe South African war between the British and the Boers ended on 31 May 1902 with the Treaty of Vereeniging34HI35HI3HOMax Weber first published The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in two essays in 1904-5, possibly in response to Werner Sombarts explanation of the ..35HI36HI3HOMohandas Gandhi played a crucial and prominent role in Indias struggle for independence, from his assumption of the leadership of the Congress in 1919, 36HI38HI3HOJohn Robert Seeley published The Expansion of England in 1883. The text was taken from a series of lectures which he had delivered to undergraduates over the two ..PHILOSOPHY37PH05PH1OLTime is a subject that has intrigued most philosophers, from antiquity to modern times.38PH06PH1OLQualia will be taken to mean the . . . subjective qualities of conscious experience. , such as the way chocolate tastes, the way turquoise looks, the way it feels to put ..39PH07PH2OLA large part of the aim of Kants Critique of Pure Reason is to establish the conditions that enable us to have experience. 40PH01PH3OLA central Fregan introduction into the philosophy of thought and language is the distinction between sense and reference. 41PH02PH3OLRussells Theory of Descriptions arises from a problem in the Extension Theory of Judgement, which itself derives from Russells Theory of Reference. 44PH03PH3OLFor a proper analysis of logical truth, its status as a special case of logical consequence should be kept in mind. 45PH04PH3OLThe liar paradox has been around since the times of the Ancient Greeks: in its original form it consisted of Epimenides (a Cretan) saying "All Cretans are liars". PSYCHOLOGY46PS55PS1LIThe pursuit of an acceptable definition of schizophrenia has tested researchers and clinicians since the classifications proposed by Kraepelin (1896) and Bleuler (1913).47PS57PS1LIMemory is a topic of study with which psychologists have grappled experimentally for over a century perhaps the most well-known early studies being those of 48PS58PS1LIThe history of psychological research into obedience to authority is arguably one of the most controversial - but also paradoxical areas of interest which psychology ..49PS59PS1LIThe work of Jean Piaget (1896-1980) has informed the developmental psychology paradigm for many years.50PS75PS1LISince its earliest origins, psychology and psychologists have been concerned with the processes of learning and memory.51PS61PS1LI2Recent literature reviews and meta-analyses have exposed serious anomalies in the interpretation and replication of Goldbergs (1968) findings regarding gender bias ..52PS62PS1LI2Dion, Berscheid and Walster (1972) What is beautiful is good revealed the nature of the halo effect of physical attractiveness.53PS63PS1LI2Research into the relationship between locus of control orientation (internal versus external) and levels of stress has found differing results.54PS64PS1LI2Music has become an integral and ubiquitous component of modern life, and as such its affect on task performance should justifiably be considered.55PS66PS1LI2The prevalence of eyewitness testimony in the establishment of criminal guilt necessitates its reliability as a discriminatory tool.56PS68PS2LIStimulus-response compatibility has substantial applied implications in the domain of engineering psychology and human factors.57PS69PS2LIPeople have often looked to religion as a source of support in times of personal crisis.58PS71PS2LIThe psychology and behaviour of the rail passenger is a novel area of psychological research, despite current interest in the promotion of rail travel as ..59PS73PS2LIHand preference, and the Right Shift theory of Annett (e.g. 1999) have been implicated as predictors of schizophrenia risk.60PS74PS2LIThe Necker cube has been used as an experimental stimulus in a variety of procedures, including the assessment of perceptual rigidity61PS11PS3Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a rare psychopathology for two reasons, firstly it has a specific aetiology, an external event is necessary for diagnosis, ..62PS12PS3Numerous factors influence whether or not someone develops serious illnesses, this essay focuses on personality types that predispose or protect individuals from ...63PS13PS3There are two parts to this question, firstly when phyologenetically and ontogenetically does self-consciousness appear?64PS56PS3LIThe construction of an Expectancy-based Model (EBM) of melodic complexity in music was described, including the ten principles on which it was based.65PS67PS3LIFirstly, approaches to the study of eminence will be considered, addressing the potential contribution offered by each of these methodologies to any relatively  A tentative framework for Initial Sentence Subjects as a Snapshot of Angle on Field (please do not quote without permission, thanks) ANGLES on field: academic domain (fabricated examples) <--------------------------Abstraction ----------------------------->PhenomenaPerspectives/ Viewpoints on PhenomenaScholarly / Meta-PhenomenaPerspectives/ Viewpoints on Scholarly PhenomenaDiscourse Phenomena T E C H N I C A L I T YEveryday languageThe Great Wall of Chinathe importance of the Great Wall of ChinaThe history of the Great Wall of ChinaCompeting histories of the Great Wall of Chinathis essay Post traumatic stress disorderSchizopreniaPossible schitzophreniaGreys theory of schizophreniaApproaches to the study of schizophrenia Figure 3Technical languageescherichia coli O157 Bibliography Becher, T. and P. 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