ࡱ> dabcnK% n~}Q@:PNG  IHDR^MD sRGB pHYs+$IDATx^wTևA9tD Fbn"Qc$5&WM1EM%W&(bJPgx8k}k?2kke;sKCB_o}7vv#(3{p4J{.Z Xuv:4\f)i*d IS\|o1#] y R6䟏jO|[[+[޵9}n.򫛳$'Y_vvAnOpq}դsWm=z[we Ÿ+<+aQ=֮;nʿ֭ӯ^E+cc)Y=„%  { sx AQaeqPN-~ҍ^fHɬ:mXZXHIWnٺ,+Gkt}$edG0Iú]\ )$pFK_g1յBij,еc3Xy/^i#0a"b۷ԶId S;/t'utg#ґP϶#QUm FacNv: e.ZCuGO~},pn&T`e4(/S{83L+(|L \=3X}thkoUc"&ۡ}դ'ԯa"ZG qm\>l^-Lu5jҷ~ +ӇѠs-|xzl3k횿h; ږA4XMԮ ap˓ /k%ͪ&MΡf {iFWg <AaޗvPB4SVp3)_zZ_Q? ӝBiԤAy8;y/c 6k*ȼ͚2He2Вgg;)Dv`Z5]ٰ;Gc$WD,'L4rhwL^`&{>*ްԗ?|mЏMTq뎮̱YY~xeg/9=#+>*\8UnUs "G4|dէ8 b;#mVJ&'-2̶Qu.\pF'`\fNU{< Wؘt3DGSb k_ء#+s Z֠됣|5Uથ43 Ы&Ngl!'@Tzg!rt+]Zn.)ݽ=cZsx,iunaQ6Gvjժ9mOp/&ׯWyۅ XYu?xoVNէ*kriWgδâ?{N2/ Yڸ'c SxSc {^vSƽ2sGuZPXUyqtdYP!X8&_W1gͿ4}yO۝3,H;e}~瞣8mhIaM$4P4p?_ q{B5իpc?$hK|qKC1&8O.xF8p4cF o^u,~k>^+\ ' C.ssC NA.AxђuwR3p֭h򌡄 轼Ҟ^M d>Zgc|Kǥ cX:9l ߹,FhJG@O^A!{%SdPTX]ŁJt)ر{tm9p٠qo- ,6O4j#8r]i0›&K5lR8>WY>?=wBQ+.B`ݾ^M*k&\ؗ>*X! [ G˯78<ÿ%0,[c.ߒ_+$ \& Jɓ8yas$`^Q&-Kb\dr6_~2GQd򋬈4ơ@k?:GʏO U48^AWe7C޶T$~*.Cs9y䂓WIfU^u;v:^5q)ɣg{"LM7$tFCҘ@rT>]h|qU̓u@1XqUo lGXͿC4Л.[9:N[KmdK 4~1maΌ( fIcb z } t4F1~=%$y<γY>'5,$t%7 5̓^ѳ}`@}-ZۈܗsR3m໹"C&okkc?29٣]׈V@,sk֛3-m˦S2Ys zzޓq폜8T#6L FOAgpLQóDsj8Tp (<+R#bY<!u%Ҹ2GAINO놉VD UoVU6SǔA.՝)(TUIi$:+kKګo0s } J?e2Ё~(HB!hMKJCUi4?Ɏ؏f1_ yR7RmإdJ~:gL içhWȝ;@35@ˤVd&3fUj;n͊ ߚq0qU 8v4H@CWo#51=.z">qDRBx+52k3'x'==/voý"XLU9y! e[V{S\4-cY(n瞽'`-!gdN35Te2jS*4%2xx'ZIaA&~e(YAD=7{DŽfoH`W93P-1pÉ@UPBE]h|m[5u.D,9%CK3K_#T'"¤f|(\KoٯO5vx*v0Q:DO.!U&;+:M`:{_z liPсpwlf>[u;7obc\1}{G66e%mTZZx9~q[u9)슊u.$] :ܡl5kճa_֢ʲľR&D:g^n֚>ُ @,nFıPɼWRbo'|8^DY H:#Q ڗ}AJG4S.^#Y4'T48D=Z*ԞRP^ P+-Iv.@ \FIu(1[җ[m^U6@6dj  $J^ MO|yKJYQFe -@c3 yyЋoҳnN?ChҼ7^|n@Drr&?m`+OuVVBƜ0o3f!u=&\66G (ty>:dBjyU׫œt9/=ĩ iN/,ٵ ܾsCzyzTHpݿ@Z \|3y`QͿyzj\5<(S=n8%!qknvf9slX _ɖyW6kg9:j'&Qp:آlIV۽JpԹD5\RԿsM ;̗hK!#ٲ)y^?B #:Xzs$^N8xƭ;'ㆎp%-KK]ϟנNAc'K> hS͊qy(SїRjT=K)i 2Pt`JđlA^9jRz uCKLf :ˆ,- .@YĘN3*>9 +a8(>J.EBj$h܉dk B `+s/KW93B,V|G%r N4}ʘN!ʘj:T۷,;zN R:ۅ]@> Q>c6Sˇ P|?qdqTR!_MaÕ I,5 ?eU<)<_CsS@+WFƙ*2/_85]l@tXP{bXn4(W$:.("~ U]jY JtFֶdV7UNm"ɂ5V倮a1U^S;vr9)ˁ=OBO$LLUSm[b_ҳ#;8^7.w?()-)) i4 Èq#"Za]sNi!;@Va-5?"5i*BI/FF%^y6>1sƍSY$tqR2 IƊ6A}{r n3eZ4 f D`a.Gk9!*u(z߹(, Kp8&F3BDc? th*TzP\8{.)րf&5Ih@)#jM 2QR~aqHԚ)`@M)%PJjt.D ȤNzzD>lo̴HHeR%.R$ bIdVʪe`GV, abRAz1/7MMh_E b'p\BD]:u;=Nю;&6yu;+k+:T vx\K˗N{62FL(S,}ޡϴ;-ؑp3tA ygDvUI]@_Y?0}!8h80 a/OZzR\E),-J R$Y7 C[w[l*R acIKSLɟD;F:(fA`\~SԏN@f%p dl&b=05u!4 , /P~&6&0f# R~#(l>@x=p>7Jqaep ^"jr,l+X@qHW @50P l S  )᫠ Ha0 & w2 c.xs-\t#8*F0ƔZG/`^e+7`ehuuS$3PSl!ڸ s[0~a|daAn"`D FgP.n;btW"ǣ'Jo͠SpWX ^<+B@a("|%Aꋊّ6Q Xy>.qDTAiIN5+#?y566Y9Gkղɐ@W^Ek@X3+ppu曦Vm.C1,a)_`zϛ3£ثť#t;V &(:E 9ZZZPq_nE=|dHN`|IBPҿORT;˯|v@U}>T/`Y=|k18P,9X@6)_5CUD'% ͅJvDTDͨ 9AalT}#a ~U'R $ #H|,jA"ڌ 7lݫKDjI-~Ҏ"-7J6Y=l$[bEe0zB]QKLڨ'و<#LOf?Zt/*ۘ]V'L&6*UaoN$mpJf1 '}MZVMT4͓2\m'K ~͢z`!ݧ\.7B@_uY_.0\*"}sIENDB`nyc;V >PNG  IHDRd?sBITOPLTERUۦ-0p藘il7JøTdkyʅ^FW $೺vux(<֛͇ғ亼оapb#fС0DGˀЌ~:=y\_ݝՖ8 bKGDHIDATxkWR=PPP\$)+^hy,Hbu^= &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0`hK3=)g^P yzyQF xǶ~reiէ  ? @?85c/VN~2$cWNW!c' (ݓ{[m/(E*˶. &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0`nA nJ n/^Pt;ǻ[m/%uݓ㣶2˕<ݳOm/ Yw0~Ӷ Ճ `zs;:2B#Ƕk`;I>`pba]weN3x~ }{9Y2-鴽@{ &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L @0` &L Xv&熐,;UxJj?+8HW˛mв\X^۟=.6{mо1w/KZl\ܘ(G˽^sDoxxquA}"zdɟK޽L{\ OŲ.wNgɲm.ùއ?}Sv7|T/icpO ge3ܫXT7;|a;zkVpZ=:fpbQ͍?{Sv0?\o^UWmz`pl<0pwqժ ?Xfq{:p=)7꛽Ay݆[hcWG(F9PY۷1ÛL4l۟:w,po|Qo뱿z`~sUW 7Ճ?y)p𰷹z>?M_;mg˝j?n6kWõ|pq}d9{3k;ˋ7߬-Ͽ3^c&Lw9[gmqmajw,ޭ|y½٧/q+e9PG.//;i۟8!m`e(nqR>;{>(3;S_u|:9z~jP\>+gWE1xW:઼~jjj8vPL߻7]Ll j[ܯn>6f{e0xV?y1mw׷ϺEiu{\3EqR߾;yY+ם09kh-TkrtWbPuzYoGz_tWbwtnv?eu{E^ٷoJWQ-t^?7cE#;ڦb}&~7_k;/=z`z ^{[ԏ+W_w?^`ap3wgOG_Ozem^׻_1@R#1@&SO7^OU~@]=Mj5gSN zE7#E9i:'_P;u0hϿyys @}⯻~b~6~Uϻ_c? 7;(>4X?U7,/\ !Q7X8_=J³栠 ~sBq}>uNHBo |Af!tQW zuZ2+f *ɁAO7OXŸo~,YwEsحV~w#hep4`b}85j=ϚC4~3wuzzzΧyQyf`yui=+EQ |4;:v NF;U@SB?)T^^EWFEً?J@-\ܿ.֛^ /FA=m3=zY_^[j&,w[S͘V:g8Z3s^\ ݪ՗W7Iq^ŢnxPt:S ۫SWo=6WwWo=zblz}aŗWl|jy:~u݂ \MMU?S§_4g~.E ##wB&?ebI_]Y[;huxXTw_4Ϯh ]@srnX}U_ -x}ypu/7Wאַn\OsjzND2Oܝ>n6Pa ܝ4{k%nPcss;uv^W \|T`{c?1\^}O7~`z~sb&o;6^ofp??uw0<>Z]'7o^G엏O݅ݿhP`s:FQz pu_W@B{ùzp|T`{yxP #*;;;ig'=ᇍQN CsBW{}>?\mO7KzXQ(mU_.^VߖGg{+Ӛ;́)+cms9}S9K0`1 +m^mL7XK@{+S3;3v2L[1ne '1{v/L[,=n#c5g-Dȸc gYfzU0SIENDB`n'jMODJbPNG  IHDRd?sBITOPLTEӕĸT[bhݼ\c㺽lr̄ءᶹܪ|:E#яtzgmCL-;Έްqvݭ֜ڦˀڡ-#3OVQXzX^߲ϋ1>x}'7LS$5+bKGDHIDATx}[SWaM@y0cEEYHg[;&+y18;YIHkf$&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@bƿ U_ 5<7j"#~B)ۿ5o7tWcW6wv>_Wg~7eITf.-=[)G³\.7x_Q yLxeƣnyy׽ 1],.OY,{_EƄ})[gGeh++`y>> rs/_U]ńE{6x,,.x&''ȏK`݅BWE( HobYo5n(Mٛ.R~qPf opUο: $ +r]<)lwo5}l":aH;hg{-Gz̷cn|Vs`yllXiwyWu¤l'k e ޳0;ip5zF)^̖eaig~ù䛾`?hf݌;YNί5Wo^) 4q{jǫR/޽Ư( &>á/-nǟ57V>g~뫃OZ]=$PAQ EAL|vo]^^_(7]k\,/7<[ϟ>٫k>~|{v_-.ʋO/6o5)xu\w:h;+.v Ydoyc ',m4o=|r18moxvQOZ=l>"ʵ8:$Pn!26Kw5o-ty3[^6ouO?*.nZ]F7 Nۋv o?[d{MD{~ GLqMv۫do/~,w[=*w~r6{t r6>ݨ?߽] gz/lǃ@w~g۫ p]K4seam&>^wOtip0LF2o]f/FG5Ǯ;x~? @8){ݱ;uϯ է;`|n6gK[ t\ni}<~O?O?M~w tu{Uwv3Ϋ}OZ{׻ ;oyp{'OwVUF_2&'f{gWGͿw~/c#NOo9s5A)@lg"C@k8=參Z ÛtO?=N{HL p,.{jSt o{ o+<iKR2xyGopXh/ ?tz"8 p8 #xur8?8X5 dJ;Ƿn>ԧ<}(hr ͻ7Y4dG#tJwFRw9 d:;;+fՃgtO=l|rx 'Wo.|S|b&ke;g8k>| R ˹|kYË]uzw@֠lF576?tX߼mߟw^yr d흈;O:(4-mמ<~2?_<8۾_zyi{vfg}zr{{rX[i~~˹٣OYLqFKg_L_(iTYQ SH@Qؗ8 dLX?|螺za6ev~~p_>%v>4oo <{zUOӆ6N^}xӽH˹/8 dLX_c{xуxKYniArG9d^{}2}@@/A 2u&,oO_n>{充_Iolxcwy|Z}U.O^?>]NgO[]^-o\-V@ͤ`aw o. K豼MO nO =:xfzW{>5鲵U2&5+.'/7w?}߲<(+s /2e&5+r;_.Vmow4W=jowX?^@`i׃g9{0=2@o5]ZtmmFO|Ylޕ28yzrt,MW n~@{{o(2d,|ǥd"wW_`l|@ʄ`woϻ_]qNΎz_~-;8/70WO:GL @3ӣfKo*r7rU^to5W}9(i2ahf7^}|w о{eիWOv7ͥK ]`nE?&{+[+úOGm>m ~/]n _p}{;xj_W{ O?<5뭛;Bo()2q|259 djwpȴ(i!Q SB@|GL> }@+N2 {9 d wS&@h $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b 18?@f @߸ Gw!D˿][B݂S&how O?"6?-?Gl?,-6CG{!O縿G0bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-MŶ)P6ۦ@bZlUmSjm T-͟Vl?!?0uk fy?Hq{`cqs`&# b+q︿1Al?*ᧈ _.ᧈ-?$~X@<~Z<g~`8 ?Wl6p?]l/ n*a,b}x/ ¸?.al1s87 c581gHL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1HL 1g $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@b $&@btb-UwIENDB`@=s4DPX.+>,7  8G&x[klU>Yv˛v `eF*Lˣ[L4A$ PF$M\ PA!$4?L,D*EBaHsݻ3ۡXNssw>;w ֢``: yq &LT,qlJoA&! x @Z6v)]VeGUӍG#RDEie$*!9byTBᬧ-`\CoookǮRBQ^ye:̺ʎd-x {/`2†uxF-AIx׬ߌ׬ߌ˯tloiihyԅ1$ʌzu]t_i.MBF>9AǨ+f77ױ܌D+G[LYEU8Tji5#y߈9* Od_yC{IOZQ#CsTcUK&Ksm: #sC } P_Q9`*;Z[U&swU:xl=k%25d.J_DZ(H;TNǶcwض[1Mt" ,<2X0M華wߝkw/ۼ{e-F+]ӛp> k`zv΃sdnr;t;M/Ϝrr9P8S緥t}٩f(6 /UMՌ[|z5+a 285!g /TkьPf7>RܔŽ.M"bVHƼcxcL| |w| A x^-c+汯BoҿJ~@ox#".M$f7 MmmckGuY.yːN~k(|=;Lc7W|Ԩ-U+%./85fg$ǑՁޫob]M')~_Mw¿y/ D''+++E)?N2_?ԃ8rFw{;i.ר˿G (,׆}1+i}&_OFO^ YE6GQq=_i$_ ~$`8?Dqņ^߄,gsĔQױ<(Jj;) Aa=T-[[;JS>"=iC'q&84K08fp?}muO"j?Z,:^Aq?h mOZ"s)~lym6g6{h3Em絙|9BC1mƻA1m=DM&᳦5?<{ӝ$ ߥW:n;ߊm}$i!B̧ٵNay{_~?΃nǎ?8d=»2h߅|o%/"dG}ϴKa׾ۏ2U*Mό;s0't\(-Ʀ>QO׫۳汹,,B4j{< 7.A+^#YFS7_@xe.g5[^?2|t1g~Er,5V+ǶtbRǽ?@ ߓ+?=&Sڗ?}.=ѸO~a̅Ѯ{ωCױvau*i LoW)w{Ij c8* V}er^UԴhle|KՏ%mŧMgH-}I  ^*Z/ *Ӂ!&ʊX=s[#*HCCw;}> -wpp;~CMy3Q^dɸZGONSl}uF>/pk<IK]p.'b\z1(!VªęA'MVt+Dً+8{x垛$|3~f>Op.'p}ķݏ`u9µcx/,ʉkzdm.l~rEtFt9[F9c¿b7Ù1hH\훏k*"ţ~̧~հc7vGƕr:XnDčWc:pkrdHۈ.'pkѠi)Ħ]M4u*$K5+#]|jײ4?Dƕr:X}ۍcVqQgk"|KwEQpu>ч;2k]ëol&lm7v`u߇q]O}8]cΠCVͨQGUVB(҇102tT& äoX]ép2){;ѧ*թjé}IO+)ewj}8#lV}kz굑}1e3_o`lDx qKA;7r}8B/  -:. T԰J~}8.*#_tk0>md__m7vAKoIZDxSw9N7U&UC)e锖=aa)vcyKևUe VџUuETo!TTU%>SfmVrPʭj 9avcuK>=ϬŴDZn쾩f|]u6.6iwNuy%>xSF~0imol|ۍV}8DvZK.r-?Ә%{i. Ŝ>\W|ۍEnzxs~4v yɯm> ȧY-{HEao4%~N^׻@A'П^I]A /0ų`> 7 KKX\{k2s{avս8j?Q=Bހ>ugX|;|sO2ߟ:|\jAkƿk[Y_rg~ƙQN>/8Oc9?~sq]Dtn!js.y>gV3"aKP/kZ9״oAλjì=V￭rM>[a˴WQBe>q }g$ G=8?j_lkr mf$trRoFݼt)l}Y{L' / 1*?=9kbr>ᳱ-Ɋ̈՞69t:&>辗Eۙ<ͩfe-$Otm'q4F:u|M|t'}9Zez2nxZ7y mK-[(   |>Bhttp://www2.warwick.ac.uk/go/baweBhttp://www2.warwick.ac.uk/go/bawe@Nhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/ice/Nhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/ice/Abhttp://www.missouri.edu/~youmansc/vmp/index.shtmlbhttp://www.missouri.edu/~youmansc/vmp/index.shtmlN Chart MSGraph.Chart.80*Microsoft Graph ChartY Chart Excel.Chart.808Microsoft Office Excel Chart/ 00DTimes New Romanux: 0DArialNew Romanux: 0 DTimesNew Romanux: 00DArial Narrowanux: 0" A.  @n?" dd@  @@``  | Xc0ED    *lm *6OTV' 4b$ n~}Q@:S%b$yc;V >S%$$b$'jMODJb >;"$s4DPX.+> HY"$^6c M?] Ra <AAP@8JKP ʚ;1'ʚ; g45d5d ,x: 0^ppp@ <4!d!dX 0t<4ddddX 0t<4BdBdX 0tg4AdAd,x: 0np@ pp0___PPT10 ppr___PPT9TL;4? *O =]EL*_What can the British Academic Written English (BAWE) Corpus tell us about student development? x`      # Signe Ebeling Maria Leedham d;Outline$ Introducing the British Academic Written English Corpus Case studies Variation within and across disciplines (lexical density) Individual development (connectors) Concluding remarks ZFZ^ ZZ) ^     T The Project @     'An investigation of genres of assessed writing in British Higher Education' - 3 year ESRC-funded project Collaboration between Oxford Brookes, Warwick and Reading Universities End of project  December 2007 PjhPP Oi UWhat is the BAWE Corpus? Collection of 3,000-3,500 student assignments at UG and Masters level  all at 2:1 level (60% +) Four disciplinary groupings: Arts & Humanities, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Social Sciences Aims to provide a database for use by researchers who are investigating the nature of academic writing, and also by tutors who are designing teaching and assessment materials for their students 6V5Case Study 1 Variation within and across disciplines 46  '5 Measuring lexical density "Statistics can be used to estimate not only the frequency of use of specific words, but also to estimate the size of the vocabulary from which they are drawn; hence, statistical evidence is relevant to both style and competence." (Youmans 1990: 584)0 ZType-token comparison Each word (token) in a text is counted Each new vocabulary word (type) is recorded Total number of tokens is computed along with the total number of types accumulated at some specific point in the text X-Type-token comparison across 4 UG disciplines".-YBAWE and other studies compared  ^Summary$ ? Difference within disciplines in the size of vocabulary between 1st year and 3rd year students Similar difference across disciplines, with English Studies using a more varied vocabulary The BAWE material coincides well with what has been noted for academic writing in other studies when it comes to lexical density r=A   ? qB3 Case Study 2: Individual development (connectors) .4 1 3 WS Tools showed that in 1st year English Studies essays  however is the most overused non subject-specific word compared to 3rd year English Studies essays. This prompted us to focus on individual development in connector usage from year 1 to year 3 and compare this with published academic usage. We looked at three similar students (UG 3, English Studies, female, early 20s)  DA, EM and EL. When the corpus is complete we can compare use of connectors between English Studies and other disciplines. @-~ ~ ] Connectors  $  HQuirk et al, Biber et al, and others define connectors slightly differently. We are using the list of connectors in the academic part of ICE-GB (International Corpus of English, British sub-corpus), in line with Bolton et al. 2005.  Connectors thus includes conjuncts such as  however and co-ordinators such as  or . We can compare the BAWE English students use of connectors with the academic ICE-GB use. Z LFunction of Connectors&$$  The primary function of linking adverbials is to state the speaker/writer s perception of the relationship between two units of discourse.  (Biber et al. 1999:875)  Their [connectors ] main function is to facilitate the interpretation of underlying relations in discourse and to resolve potential ambiguities. Relations that can be inferred from the text do not have to be marked explicitly, which means that a high frequency of connectors in a text does not necessarily improve its cohesive quality. (Altenberg & Tapper 1998: 80)  Conjuncts can also be overused. In theory we can insert as many as we like into a sentence. In practice, this gives a rambling impression it is wise to avoid: And so, to sum up, in other words, I think that, all in all, we should nevertheless look to the future&  (Crystal 2004:290) NZ~ZZhI i@*Comparison of BAWE and ICE connector usage"+**  English Studies students seem to overuse connectors compared to all the other groups. These students all achieved 65% or higher for their essays. 616 sentences in BAWE-Eng corpus vs. 4500 in ICE-GB  [$Top Five Connectors used in BAWE-Eng"%$$ MEM's overuse of 'indeed'"  Indeed, the religious significance of his name can easily be assimilated to Adam in the Garden of Eden. Accordingly, his employment as a carpenter is reminiscent of Jesus vocation. Similarly, his brother Seth is an insider due to his obliging  benignant behaviour, but Eliot is keen to highlight his inferiority in comparison to the muscular Adam by denoting the prominent, which according to the science of phrenology that was introduced to Eliot by George Combes, is a sign of weakness in a man. Their mother, Lisbeth, at times alienates the readers through her constant fretting but this is overwhelmed by her enduring, which links her to nature and therefore the community. Accordingly, her constant residence inside the family home consolidates her status as an insider, as she never strays outside to compromise or transgress her allotted social role. Eliot juxtaposes Adam s moral integrity with Arthur s fickle nature to establish his liminal status. Indeed, the religious connotations implicit in Adam s name suggest that Arthur s betrayal of Adam is equivalent to Judas betrayal of Jesus. This suggestion is supported by Arthur s  absence at Thias Bede s funeral. In his affair with Hetty, Arthur is forced to meet her, neither on a farm nor on an estate, but on  the Chase, a liminal place where they are free to explore their erotic desires without the condemnation of the community. Indeed, Arthur must undergo a symbolic death during his fight with Adam in the grove, to emerge understood but not forgiven by the community, for Eliot makes it clear to the reader that  suggesting that Arthur is responsible for his actions and no malign fate is at work. Valentine Cunningham agrees that  Here Eliot is seen to be exploring contemporary thoughts on Determinism within her text. Indeed, Adam Bede was published the same year as Charles Darwin s influential bestseller The Origin of the Species. Zb a  G~ Og> P QOveruse of connectors?&$$   overuse of connectors& is a prominent feature of students writing generally (Bolton et al, 2005) students  use a considerably smaller number of different connectors in their writing than professional academics. As a result, & (students) tend to overuse those connectors within their repertoire . (Bolton et al, 2005)  connector usage& is closely connected with the individual writer s style and compositional technique (Altenberg and Tapper 1998:83)  P}GSummary&$$  Findings BAWE English studies students use more connectors than published academics However they also use a more limited range of connectors Individual use of connectors varies in both number and range Possible reasons Connectors are salient features for students Students are writing to display their knowledge to tutors Maybe English Studies essays differ from others in the use of connectors?  PPPP "B ,\Concluding Remarks &$ TThe BAWE corpus will provide a unique collection of early 21st century student texts The final corpus will contain over 3000 assignments with over 8 million words Far greater comparisons will be possible both between disciplines and between year groups This will be of use to subject academics, researchers and teachers of writing 4U< S yE References Altenberg, B. and M. Tapper. 1998. The use of adverbial connectors in advanced Swedish learners' written English. In S. Granger (Ed.), Learner English on Computer. London: Addison Wesley Longman. 80-93 Biber, D., S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad, and E. Finegan. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Longman. Bolton, K., G. Nelson and J. Hung. 2002. A corpus-based study of connectors in student writing. Research from the International Corpus of English in Hong Kong (ICE-HK). International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 7(2), 165-182. Crystal, D. 2004. Making Sense of Grammar. Harlow: Pearson Longman. Youmans, G. 1990. Measuring lexical style and competence: The Type Token Vocabulary Curve. Style, 24, 584-599. Websites British Academic Written English Corpus http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/go/bawe International Corpus of English http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/ice/ Vocabulary Management Profiles http://www.missouri.edu/~youmansc/vmp/index.shtml "Z Z(Z#Z Z)Z Z4Zl.+"[ 4DO !"'"1>X 0;@X 0]AX 0/hbln!o"s$*/01236789;<=>?@AP  0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@n?" dd@ @` n?" dd@   @@``PT   @ ` `p>> (    6 "  X Click to edit Master title style!!  T  0 "<$ 0  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!    S    6x "    h*      0@ "`  n*" G    x  H "q   `*Westminster Institute of Education BAWE01 ,  0  ~  fA*޽h ?background_body_1024 ̙33 w ___PPT10W .3+FD ' c= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D ' =%(D ' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*!%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*!.%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*.:%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*:G%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*GS%(+8+0+0 + westminsterp   0 a(    HHL "P0 L X Click to edit Master title style!!  %  HKL "` <$ 0 L [#Click to edit Master subtitle style$$     NSL "_  L h*      0RL "p0  L j*       0l]L "0P L l*      t  \A ޽h ?background_1024 ̙33___PPT10.3+[W_D' c= @B DJ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*$%(+8+0+0 + 0 ( (    0L P   L X*   0 L    L Z* d  c $ ?  L  0L  0 L ,   6tL _P  L X*   6lL _  L Z* H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.wY (    0Вc P   c X*   0c    c Z*   6lc `P  c X*   6pc `  c Z* H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.wІ 0L0  P|(  |~ | s *XgLd  L ~ | s *hL { f  L ^ | 6A?WH | 0޽h ? &L333333x&-LYMMM___PPT10e.+D=' c= @B + " 0  R(  ~  s *0L  L   s *T7L  L "p`PpH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10u..iPg+D=' c= @B +t 7 0L0 @(  ~  s *L  L ~  s *L<   L i  0< L"`c 7, ,$D 0 k The BAWE Corpus Assessed written assignments (student) Contextual data (student) Interview data (tutor)@ [ [H  0޽h ? &L333333x&-LYMMM___PPT10..xA<+ksDO' c= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(+8+0+0 +  8 0L0 `h(  ~  s *L  L   s *L7W<$ 0 L H  0޽h ? &L333333x&-LYMMMia___PPT10A.+[W_D' c= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*a%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*b%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(+8+0+0 + 9 0 J(    s *L  L P~  s * L L H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.>jNB+D=' c= @B +Y = 0 "((  (~ ( s * Assignments from 4 different disciplinary groupings (AH, SS, LS, PS); 5 assignments from 1st year UG from each discipline; 5 assignments from 3rd year UG from each discipline; Recorded the number of types accumulated after 2000 tokens; Calculated the mean number of types in each year of study for each disciplineT?1} QH ( 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.Fiϵa+^CDS' c= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DL' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*('%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*('S%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*(S%(D' =%(D ' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*(G%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*(G}%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*(}%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*(%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*(?%(D'' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%())))?D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+#.<*('%(D'' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%())))?D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+#.<*('S%(D'' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%())))?D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+#.<*(S%(+8+0+(0 + ; 0 3(  ~  s *I  I   0I) ,$D 0 W Is the discipline (English) more language/vocabulary conscious? Does it encourage students to use more inventive language? Is there an element of creative writing involved? Also, English studies students may include more quotations from primary and secondary sources. *0Z 0 6A Y? Ys  Y IH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10..Ai@+ksDO' c= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(+8+0+0 +# < 0  & (   ~   s *+#.<* %(D' =%(Df' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* %(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+#.<* %(D' =%(Df' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+#.<* %(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*# %(D' =%(Df' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+#.<*# %(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*$ %(D2' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+#.<*$ %(+>  A 0 L\(  Lx L c $ZI  I  L c $[I<$D 0 I H L 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10..tP+YD' c= @B Du' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*L`%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*La%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*L>%(+ $ 0  $>(  $ $ c $LI  I Px $ c $BI I H $ 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.>j0Y+D=' c= @B + @ 0 pD0(  Dx D c $ +#.<*%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*+%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*,%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*J%(+8+0+0 +q ! 0  NS(  ~  s *G  G i  J# #"0  G ( <G? " P 215 @` & <G? " WBAWE-Eng Year 1 @` # <G?") P 224 @` ! <G?)" WBAWE-Eng Year 3 @`  <G?)" P 220 @`  <G? "  R 239.6 @`  <G?"  R 159.9 @`  <G?" R 107.8 @`  <G?" s-Connectors per sentence (multiplied by 1000).. @`   <G?)" YBAWE - Eng. Total @`   <G?  " WICE-HK student @`   <lG? " VICE-GB student @`   < G?" XICE-GB academic @`   <I?" T  @``B  0o ?ZB  s *1 ?""`B  0o ?`B  0o ?ZB  s *1 ?ZB  s *1 ?ZB  s *1 ?  ZB  s *1 ?  `B  0o ?`B " 01 ?))`B ' 01 ? K c $I <$D 0 I 2 L Nud @" W,$D 02 M Nud @" =,$D 0H  0޽h ? 33V N ___PPT10. ..ip+RKD ' c= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*L%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*M%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*K%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*K%(+ > 0   0(  0~ 0 s *tmG  G  00 HA N?g  N G 0 6G"`  ?however 2 0 6MG"` =; >indeed 2 0 6qG"`V -O F 2  0 6uG"`  #  ;yet 2 0 6xG"` # D  <thus 2  0 6|G"` 'G4  :so 2H 0 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.rPK6+D=' c= @B + 6 0  0(  x  c $83G  G x  c $1G G H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10u..nH++D=' c= @B +0 0  &X(  ||    #"."  Ȭ <F ?"`   T 123 (9) (  @` Ƭ <E ?"`   W 77 (6)  (  @` Ĭ <܈F ?"`   tother (1 each)   @`  <F ?"`v   q 40 (3) (    @`  < F ?"`v   s (0) (    @`  <@F ?"`v   hso   @`  <hF ?"`Wv  q 13 (1) (    @`  <PF ?"`Wv  q 38 (3) (    @`  <F ?"`Wv  U accordingly   @`  <F ?"`8W q 13 (1) (    @`  <F ?"`8W q 38 (3) (    @`  <PF ?"`8W o therefore     @`   <F ?"`8 q 81 (6) (    @`   <DG ?"`8 |115 (9)& (  @`   < G ?"`8 lindeed   @`   <\G ?"` q 81 (6) (    @`   <G ?"` p115 (9) (   @`  <,%G ?"` mhowever   @`(  < 'G ?"` (Year 3 74 sentences Total : 351 (26) 0)  (  @`'  <L;G ?"` 'Year 1 78 sentences Total : 385 (30)0(  '  @`!  <GG ?"` EM per 1000 sentences<   @`fB & 6o ?fB ' 61 ?fB ( 61 ?fB ) 61 ?88fB + 61 ?WWfB , 61 ?v v fB 1 6o ?  fB 2 6o ? fB 3 61 ? fB 4 61 ? fB 5 6o ? `B  01 ?  2  Nzzd @" " m 32  Nzzd @"  P 2  Nzzd @" GH  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.nP:+D=' c= @B +   0 P *M(  ~  s *:E  E w T   #"2&HHIHHHHT  E  <E ?"`; Z  q 7 (1)     @`  <ęE ?"`; Z  q 12 (1)     @`  <E ?"`T; Z  o for example     @`  <$E ?"`Z y  r (0)     @`  <E ?"`Z y  q 12 (1)     @`  <ܾE ?"`TZ y  gand  @`  <E ?"`y   p 15 (2)     @`  <E ?"`y   r (0)     @`  <$E ?"`Ty   gbut  @` s <PE ?"`;  p 51 (7)     @` q <8E ?"`;  p 12 (1)     @` o <DE ?"`T;  fso  @` m <F ?"`   q 7 (1)     @` k < F ?"`   r (0)     @` i <F ?"`T   hthus  @` \ <F ?"` p 29 (4)     @` Z <'F ?"` q 71 (6)     @` X <0F ?"`T khowever  @` V <:F ?"` p 51 (7)     @` T <CF ?"` q 36 (3)     @` R <tMF ?"`T gyet  @`  <<>F? %Year 3: 136 sentences Total: 162 (22).&%  @`   <cF? $Year 1: 84 sentences Total: 143 (12).% $  @` ! <8oF?T DA per 1000 sentences.  @``B " 0o ?TZB # s *1 ?T`B , 0o ?T  `B - 0o ?TT ZB . s *1 ? ZB / s *1 ? `B 0 0o ? `B S 01 ?T`B Y 01 ?T`B p 01 ?T; ; `B  01 ?T  `B  01 ?Ty y `B  01 ?TZ Z 2  Nzzd @" @ 02  Nzzd @" G0H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.&iPSH:+D=' c= @B +9 1 0 PH0 '(  x ,L  #"."   !YY,L   <l ?"`s n 50 (8)    @`  < ?"`js o 119 (10)     @` } < ?"`sj khowever  @`  y < ?"`,s 'Year 3: 160 sentences Total: 219 (35).(  @` w <D ?"`j,s &Year 1: 84 sentences Total: 131 (11).'   @` u < ?"`,js EL per 1000 sentences"  @` e < ?"` p (0)     @` c <DE ?"`j p 12 (1)     @` a <0 E ?"`j q in contrast,    @` Y <`E ?"` n 56 (9)    @` W <xE ?"`j r (0)     @` U <|E ?"`j jindeed  @` S <0E ?"` n 31 (5)    @` Q <p9E ?"`j r (0)     @` O <BE ?"`j hthus  @` G <,ME ?"`  o 38 (6)     @` E <PVE ?"`j  } (0)  @` C <XXE ?"`j  2moreover, furthermore, on the other hand (2 each)332  @` A <iE ?"` L n 37 (7)    @` ? <rE ?"`j L s (0)   @` = <|E ?"` jL rother (1 each)  @`fB ) 6o ?,,fB 5 6o ?LLfB 6 6o ?,L`B 7 01 ?j,jL`B 8 01 ?,LfB 9 6o ?,L`B D 01 ?  `B P 01 ?`B V 01 ?`B b 01 ?`B v 01 ?ss`B ~ 01 ?2  Nzzd @" +2  Nzzd @" c2  Nzzd @" M^2  Nzzd @" M  ^H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.n+D=' c= @B + 2 0L0 p 0(  x  c $0   x  c $2  H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.r +D=' c= @B + * 0  X0(  Xx X c $<   x X c $'  H X 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.jPjY+D=' c= @B + ? 0 @80(  8x 8 c $~   x 8 c $  H 8 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.*tdx+D=' c= @B + 3 0 ` D<(  D~ D s *h   ~ D s *h< `  H D 0޽h ? 33___PPT10u..Di`Q+D=' c= @B +* 0  ,(  ^  S    L  c $$L 0  L " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.9:> 0 ` J(  d  c $   c  s * c 0  c 4 H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.i$@ 0  4(  d  c $   c  s *L 0  c  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.i; 0  ,(  ^  S    c  c $Pc 0  c " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.=j$B+B 0  (;(  (^ ( S    c ( c $@c 0  c 1  H ( 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.>j o8G 0  \H(  \^ \ S    c \ c $c 0  c > H \ 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.jL 0 ` ,(  ^  S    c  c $t&c 0  c " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10. n`h2;O 0   (  ^  S    c  c $3c 0T  c<4___PPT9 T"  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.ncP 0 ` ((  ^  S    c  c $H9c 0  c  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.r0WQ 0  ((  ^  S    c  c $>c 0  c  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.r2E 0  ,(  ^  S    c  c $Cc 0  c " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.r1M 0 0,(  ^  S    c  c $Ic 0  c " H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.rP$T 0 P4(  d  c $   c  s *Oc @  c  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.|$U 0 p4(  d  c $   c  s *Tc 0  c  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.kp$V 0  4(   d   c $   c   s * Zc 0  c  H   0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.>P  H 4 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.r`7 \ 0 P<,(  <^ < S    c < c $c 0  c " H < 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.*tw] 0 H,(  H^ H S    c H c $c 0  c " H H 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.mtp^ 0 P,(  P^ P S    c P c $tc 0  c " H P 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.tmk Nx[}l3{.$8_ࣱqP%! hTB0VB q 5JDR)M(*-#$*TWQ+zuUUJUhJ*E 4ߛٝ[߇s+7w;f7kf缯|l_)TH]' K.yӞOUJmЁ+,SosN\*n;|.fSwУ4XO$I {>Yh0C)=쩚\W25t~ 0=2-£Y).F_.x).S2#>At N:g,.,G>Q{@5_dLj7rM2kXD,nB^> 8vy k>?,+sHmy+W\ 9@'k7z^/s:ùe#Mmޕڸk`dTy SN.حp|#=h9Dq2 4<C XkO»:йlղe=e%6+[wn;CA{Eʗ\d kЯ1Mn/ZI%< ޠ9SqFۿ7V#Kn$)Ϩ b=vFiKoM)ވuhøӼt 7aG+A7I_Kww'^XNHJ;6lʟ/vnA%(+Qĕq\PR_MLɓeHG۫(+L&М,blW= ћ! ,=s!ч?@Vp},Wﶨ#?f"tUlAuW!wsb]#~}m'I")%㦮Rw;\iMZTJn˯nҨD+J(JǨYaM#UZl35*`z=bzbN1>lDzѰ5ۛ=P۰>$'G,Ѱۢ>k!Ƴ^;ғ$>jʮ嶦oc;0Qjf/~< mo3"aV׏[YxF"´w( YMKVnuPzucn,Z Ly'kNj>޹ N_]rZPDzws.b[qh[R0by^_ޣv g-^fl%,K11ý&IdZ.'zl,^O:bMZ i%(`ٲ.l[V*<+\ޮcN7HshV\i'>>T$R8boo?_Ezw"3~G6O*)uW8Yrf'0uy *-,V\GՊ1_eL~)^'󪿽2vuw2=7OOGvf4NC[|lPΣT:̆i=ȉa?HJ Oc8^}7 +E͒ )*v:TY2K$!r-QPֈ2sDKs6͍k |OcȉF:dFW~;H`lgEaʵ@F-߳C$"c)l˜2BtJ9qv {\t 3vVקֈ5Nɨ1 0+;j>5 qF$mb }ĎEtF*#9SG HtԬ+DZtX!JGMQVWz-7`G (4r/R;؞Cgy2Yl3Q>(dx4 1G vrX,ϵ~(Ti{`\>̓%1 '& I\E>7`\>wvi1[O?kVdM8S|;aq& ':sÊb"j|z>bGMGf2B{QS#vct)HQc 0gn@ 8WL)hV3^13G>q\đ2QSzݧ(QZDPSʟA%5u>zAi# N~^qyϠ Ny{8}&OԬzZoɯޞ2^4[p yjb_1I|ǽ 5ƽ^qky1i{@RZgϘNy]\kwVQ@_P5|4XJ1Q ןh}EwFnѦ~ME5p6·~eqYVj/3ǯ5h|W]ڔ]>]=|ئf)ĕ}.6 m7Z^8\zmbR6jl@m7I36Jfo3(*zL?OSOԢ|9O]_nk?^I_,?[̵ϧy?^? 4x lTqww{6`.6l>>HR6Bc"0>06=)rH*PIDE*m()&1QQQ4TڨMjי}޽3gO٧۝ݝݙ{~3O>3IA ]0Y+O.f2375.`xX  AIx bxZ9ןlͦ#yXWٔ.a"$],Ǟ h۞RGeYZA+ʰ{\}A)}&aN/toU9! xZi> ϩ-7}=xb< H'f`hHWo:԰N8cǕ镢_ YxShuEVɿ GAXOi8S K𷓽32:O O{zK KZ=Ըi,Uh/M՞>y VvYuFH\yO,u{&,)3Tm 6 mC w@ڤ'@گ m  inܺ{ mJ FOO&+"8-<@*|jLJ9zގ$"LR}*{{ k)C!J[.Fzhd8rW+Jm>mޡ97Ĕz)5G<WZy֪=6%{Dgr`p{(ڼ3 $;+:W'^TN_2 ׳ߩgGW*uR !^uNDg\Aٔ^.,+~)gFIxX.1˛'I9MՇ>D涹/1]6@+u1|?g:(L{= ' Wib\%Lqi8!Dtsvy|ҝm2 _tO4Mz -ZiDˊ_w|.VsW7nJ\YX4qA*s1k)>O1ypO͓XzI_䩤74̺>j &+22 "`3,>&U}hC )# wmi!`c0w$دsW|7$1*saÒǓhnp;{z % ̓m&铞\Es,Q8ijt> U@#<~ԃ3kPoN+KnbqjCٷ,GSNA AxetY#2x=`MR!Q/ aOG< {7T߻ ݯ0!G`Dz}#;x<ēZliq$nX7KM$Wᜄ3hUd15lk3.i*Q/!K;V2mD;3'L;0A5h.Ֆ.()yEu5vz .E8 Ja8]Xz!i89%!_}!rPCj-,c=ϜI 'e,rGgղm/d"5Pp[NGim#Qh XN`-VBlWA]P'rF .doR_ղ}Bi .UӝZjZj9+?fLc۱V׽xi۴6㼬}v%S;?G}nzjN!@;X GCv>M$*kճuZ~ȑ8H-ѻۼxм.~ۥ_ݱݱ>RׄԿ6%Х< .dK ȟ*Hjo(¾$v8ũSyWnuѣ=oޔEk*+Ea34E f."#x󉸣 I o~{[ )5xE@G6^&{M"E#a'u;r!o!!>ijӤG&=<+ΐM9f>&$D(ӷ0ڄqHo,,a˯ >ѤLV\4?-EHYa6zT(Cv$ۑ8c̔d0n@~dƟ 754gyg~}]g&N?ѱLdg"cVk+%>$8b(35>scߚ SO|}xgdA, Y&ʫrx! . J1n!X U1Tnd/Gr.U=l!t#,mW ]b_!EJA>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVWXZ[\]^_`eRoot EntrydO)PictureskCurrent UserYSummaryInformation(&LUPowerPoint Document(6DocumentSummaryInformation8Q